Selasa, 14 Februari 2017

Kinds of Adverb (Macam-macam Adverb) dan Pengertiannya

Adverb
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, noun phrase, clause, or sentence. Adverb typically expresses manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainly, etc. Answering question ; such as how?, in what why?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and may be realised by :
single words (adverbs) or by multi-word
expressions (adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses).
Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of the part of speech. However, modern linguists note that it has come to be used as a kind of “catch-all” category, used to classify words with various different types of syntactic behavior, not necessarily having much in common except that they do not fit into any of the other available categories (noun, adjective, preposition, etc.)
Function
The english word adverb derives (through French) from Latin adverbium, from ad- (“to”a), verbum (“word”, “verb”), and the nominal suffix –ium. The term implies that the principal function of adverbs is to act as modifiers or verbs or verb phrases. An adverb used in this way procide information about the manner, place, time, frequency, certainly or other circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase. Some examples :
She sang loudly. (loudly modifies the verb sang, indicating the manner of singing)
We left it here. (here modifies the verb phrase; left it indicating palce)

I worked yesterday. (yesterday modifies the verb worked, indicating time)
You often make mistakes.(often modifies the verb phrase make mistake, indicating frequency)
He undoubtedly did it (undoubtedly modifies the verb phrase did it, indicating certainly)
Adverbs can also be used as modifiers of adjectives, and of other adverbs, often to indicate degree.
Examples :
You are quite right (the adverb quite modifies the adjective right)
She sang very loudly (the adverb very modifies another adverb – loudly)
They can also modify noun phrases, prepositional phrases, or whole clauses or sentences, as in the following examples :
I bought only the fruit (only modifies the noun phrase the fruit)
She drove us almost to the station (almost modifies the prepositional phrase to the station)
Certainly we need to act (certainly modifies the sentence as a whole)
Formation and comparison
In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often formed by adding “-ly” to adjectives. Other languages oftem have similar methods gor deriving adverbs from adjectives (French, for example, uses the suffix “–ment”), or else use the same foem for both adjectives and adverbs. Many other adverbs, however, are not related to adjectives in this way; they may be derived from other words or phrases, or may be single morphemes.
Examples of such adverbs in English include ; Here, there, together, yesterday, aboard, very, almost, etc.
The various kinds of adverbs in the English language
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, and an adverb itself. Adverbs always add more to the meaning of verbs, adjectives and adverbs themselves. Examples of adverbs modifying verbs, adjectives and other adverbs in sentences :
We quickly changed our story when we found out what was happening. (“Quickly” is the adverb modifying the verb “changed”)
He walked slowly to work. (“slowly” is the adverb modifying the verb “walked”)
It is really cool. (“really” is the adverb and it is modifying the adjective “cool”)
You are very beautiful. (“very” is the adverb and it is modifying the adjective “beautiful”)
She sings extremely well. (“extremely” is the adverb and it is modifying the adverb “well”)
He ate the food very quickly. (“very” is the adverb and it is modifying another adverb “quickly”)
Kinds of Adverb.
Adverbs of Time
An adverbs of time tells us when an action or event will take place or when an action or an event took place. Simply put, this type of adverb tells us when something happened or is going to happen.
Examples of adverbs of time are as follow :
He arrived yesterday. (the adverb of time is “yesterday” and it is modifying the verb “arrived”)
The players will meet tomorrow. (the adverb of time is “tomorrow” and it is modifying the verbs “will meet”)
The President arrived late. (the adverb of time is “late” and it is modifying the verb “arrived”)
I am travelling to London soon. (the adverb of time is “soon” and it is modifying the verb “am travelling”)
All the highlighted words above are all adverbs of time simply because they are telling us when an event/action took place or is going to take place. All adverbs of time answer the question WHEN? Let us take the first example for instance :
He arrived yesterday.
WHEN did he arrive? Yesterday

Adverb of Place 
An adverb of place tells where an action/event happened. These adverbs also show the location of things. Example of adverbs of place includes the following :
I cleaned outside the house last night. (the adverb “outside” shows where the action of the verb “cleaned” took place. It is therefore an adverbof place.)
I gave him the money there. (the adverb “there” show where the action of the verb “gave” took place. This is the reason why “there” in this sentence is also an adverb of place.)
The child stood before the door. (the adverb “before” is the adverb of place and it is modifying the verb “stood”. It is an adverb of place because it is showing us the place where the child stood.)
All adverbs of place answer the question WHERE? For example in the last sentence we can ask the question :
Where did the child stand?  before the door.
The woman is standing outside.
 where is the woman standing? Outside.

Adverb of Manner
An adverb of manner shows how an action was done or is done. It basically shows us the manner in which an action took place or takes place. Adverb of manner always answer the question “HOW?”. Les us look at some examples of adverbs of manner below :
We walked quickly towards thhe house. (the adverb of manner is “quickly”and it is  modifying the verb “walked”. It is basically telling us the manner in which we walked. How did we walk? Quickly.)
The boy talks loudly. (the adverb of manner is “loudly” and it is modifying the verb “talks”.
The adverb is showing us how the boy talks. How does the boy talk? Loudly.)

Adverb of degree
An adverb of degree shows us to what degree or extent a thing is or was. It basically shows us to what extent something happened. Adverbs of degree answer the question “to what extent or degree?”. Examples of adverbs of degrees :
The man was very tired. (the adverb of degree is “very” and it is modifying the verb “was”. It is an adverb of degree because it is telling uss the extent or degree of the tiredness of the man. To what extent or degree was the man tired? Very.)
John spoke too harshly to the woman. (the adverb of degree is “too” and it is modifying the adverb “harshly”. To what extent or degree did John speak harshly to the woman? Too harshly.)

Adverb of frequency
An adverb of frequency tells how often or frequent an action is done. These adverbs answer the queestion “HOW OFTEN?”. Examples of adverbs of frequency :
I always attend slasses. (“always” is the adverb oof frequendy because it is telling us how frequent or often I attend classes. It is modifying the verb “attend”.)
She visits me sometimes. (“sometimes” is the adverb of frequensy because it is telling us how often she visits me. It is modifying the verb “visits”.)

Adverb of interrogation
To interrogate means to ask questions. An adverb of interrogation therefore is an adverb that used in asking questions. Examples of adverb of interrogation :
When did he arrive?
Where did you go?
How much money do you have?
All the highlighted adverbs above are adverbs of interrogation simply because they have been used to ask questions.
Adverb of number
An adverb of number is an adverb that shows the number of the action of the adverb that shows the number of the action of the verb. Examples of adverbs of number are :
Firstly, secondly, yearly, once, etc.
Example :
They saw me once.
In the sentence aboove, “once” is the adverb of number because it shows the number of the action of the verb “saw”.
NOTE : the adverb “once” can also be used as an adverb of time depending on how it is used in the sentence.
Adverb of affirmation/Certainly
This is an adverb that is used to declare actions firmly. Examples of adverb affirmation are:
The teacher will certainly come to the class.
We will surely win the match.
The headmaster will definitely deliver a speech on indiscipline in the school
All the highlighted adverbs in the sentences above are all adverbs of affirmation simply because they have been used to furmly declare the actions of their respective verbs.
Other types of adverbs : adverbs of assertion, adverbs of reason, adverbs of quality, adverbs of probability, adverbs of negation, etc.

Adverb (kata keterangan) adalah kata yang berfungsi menerangkan kata kerja (verb), kata sifat (adjective), atau kata keterangan lainnya.

Adverb of Manner
 Memberi penjelasan tentang bagaimana atau dengan cara apa suatu kegiatan dilakukan.
Ex : sadly, happily, bravely, confidently, hard, fast, soundly, fairly, quickly, slowly, etc.

Adverb of Time
 Kata yang menunjuk pada kapan sesuatu terjadi atau berada.
Ex : immediately, then, now, yesterday, tomorrow, later, daily,

Adverb of Place
 Menerangkan tempat.
Ex : here, there, below, near,

Adverb of Frequency/Number
 Menerangkan seberapa sering suatu kegiatan dilakukan.
Ex : often, never, frequently, sometimes, usually, always, rarely, seldom,

Adverb of Certainly
 Menerangkan keyakinan atau kepastian dari suatu hal.
Ex : surely, obviously, definitely, probably, possibly, maybe, really, doubly

Adverb of Degree
 menerangkan seberapa banyak, sejauh mana, atau pada tingkat apa sesuatu terjadi.
Ex : very, enough, rather, fairly, nearly, pretty,

Adverb of Interrogative
 Interrogative adverb dipakai dalam pertanyaan.
Ex : when, where, why, how,

Adverb of Conjunction
 Berperan menghubungkan 2 Klausa.
Ex : however, consequently, then, next, still,

Make the  sentences.
Adverb of Time



Adverb of Place



Adverb of Manner



Adverb of Frequency



Adverb of Certainly



Adverb of Degree

Adverb of Interrogative



Adverb of Conjunction
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